An Israel Antiquities Authority excavation, conducted prior to road construction undertaken by the Netivei Israel – National Transport Infrastructure Company, discovered a wine press – one of the oldest ever uncovered in the country, along with other unique finds that instruct us about everyday domestic Canaanite worship taking place outside Tel Megiddo. * The impressive finds will be displayed at the Jay and Jeanie Schottenstein National Campus for the Archaeology of the Land of Israel in Jerusalem.

One of the oldest winemaking presses in the world, discovered in an excavation. Photo: Yakov Shmidov, IAA

Impressive evidence of Jezreel Valley settlement expansion at the onset of urbanization, and of the Canaanite cult that existed in the land before the Israelites entered the region, was recently uncovered east of Tel Megiddo. Archaeological excavations conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority in conjunction with Highway 66 development, initiated and financed by the Netivei Israel – National Transport Infrastructure Company, uncovered an approximately 5,000-year-old hewn winepress –one of the oldest ever discovered in the country, as well as later 3,300-year-old evidence of Canaanite folk cult – a ceramic shrine model and an intact ceremonial zoomorphic utensil kit.

The archaeological excavations were conducted within the large-scale transportation project promoted by the Ministry of Transport through the Netivei Yisrael (National Transport Infrastructure Company) along Highway 66. As part of the project, the existing road – serving as a vital transportation artery connecting Yokneam, the Jezreel Valley, and the Gilboa region—will be upgraded to a dual carriageway with two lanes in each direction. The extensive archaeological excavations spread out over 1.2 km along the Highway 66 Section 2 route, uncovered many finds from different periods. Israel Antiquities Authority archaeologists discovered exceptional finds from the Early Bronze Age IB/Early Canaanite period 5,000 years ago and the Late Bronze Age II/Late Canaanite period 3,300 years ago.

The assemblage of ritual objects discovered in the IAA excavation. Photo: Katerina Katzan

From the Early Bronze IB period, a small wine production press was exposed, carved into the rock, with a sloping treading surface and collection vat. According to Dr. Amir Golani and Barak Tzin, Excavation Directors on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority, “This winepress is unique, one of very few known from such an ancient period when urbanization first took place in our region. Winepresses are indeed very common throughout the country, but it is very difficult to date them. Until now, indirect evidence indicated that wine could have been produced 5,000 years ago, but we did not have conclusive proof of this – a ‘smoking gun’ that would clearly show when this happened in our area. This winepress finally provides new and clear evidence that early wine production actually took place here.” Many residential buildings were also uncovered around the winepress – evidence of its importance within the community at that time and of Megiddo’s expansion far beyond the well-known boundaries of the tell.

Pic 1: The set of utensils probably used for ceremonial pouring. Pic 2: Temple model discovered in the excavation. Photos: Katerina Katzan, IAA. Pic 3 & 4: The ram-shaped cultic object as discovered in the field. Photo: Barak Tzin, IAA

The excavation uncovered additional surprises which shed light on the ancient Canaanite cult at Megiddo.  Ritual vessels were uncovered from the Late Bronze Age II, about 3,300 years ago, which were carefully placed in the ground in an orderly burial as ritual offerings. These included a miniature ceramic model of a shrine, storage jars, imported jugs and juglets from Cyprus, and a unique and impressive set of vessels, which was probably used for libations, or the ceremonial pouring of liquids. This set is comprised of a zoomorphic vessel in the shape of a ram, with a few small bowls nearby. Vessels like this are usually discovered only as isolated occasional fragments, making it difficult for researchers to understand their complete form and how they functioned together. Since this set was buried intact, and in a manner hinting to its function, it allows – for the first time in the entire region – a glimpse into the way Canaanites used these vessels in their ritual ceremonies thousands of years ago:“A small bowl, which was attached to the ram’s body, was designed to function as a funnel; and a similar bowl – with a handle – was probably held to pour the liquid into the funnel during a ceremony”, the researchers explain. “The ram’s head was shaped like a spout. Once the vessel was filled, tilting the ram forward spilled the liquid out from its mouth to collect it into a small bowl placed before it. The vessel seems intended for pouring a valuable liquid such as milk, oil, wine or another beverage, which could either be drunk directly from the spout, or poured into a smaller vessel for consumption, or as a votive gift.”

The researchers believe that the burial locations of these ritual vessels in the ground yet in the direct line of sight to the large temple area operating at Tel Megiddo in the Late Bronze Age II – may indicate a Canaanite folk cult that took place outside the city on the way to the main city gate – possibly by local farmers who could not enter the city and its temple, coning from their nearby fields to offer consecrations of liquids or valuable agricultural produce, such as wine or oil. Some of these offerings were discovered as intact pottery vessels buried next to a large rock outcrop, which may have served as an open-air altar outside the Canaanite city of Megiddo.

“Megiddo has been excavated for over a century,” the researchers summarize. “While it is long-recognized as a key site in the study of ancient urbanism and Canaanite worship, the excavations we conducted east of the tel have revealed a new part of the matrix between the known settlement in the city – evidence of which has been revealed upon the tel – and the activities taking place in the area around and outside the city. The 5,000-year-old hewn winepress places the beginnings of the local wine industry in a very early urban-settlement context, while the offerings from the period about 3,300 years ago indicate the continuity of ritual consecration and libations outside the sacred complex within the tell, possibly expressing aspects of the local Canaanite folk cult.”

Nissim Peretz, CEO of Netivei Yisrael (National Transport Infrastructure Company), stated: “The Highway 66 project is a cornerstone of the ‘Connecting Israel’ plan, whose objective is to link the periphery with the center while maintaining safety and transport continuity. At the same time, the project is carried out with a deep commitment to preserving our nature, history and heritage values. These remarkable discoveries are a national asset and proof that advancing national infrastructure can proceed with full responsibility towards the past.”

According to Eli Escusido, Director of the Israel Antiquities Authority, “The Israel Antiquities Authority’s extensive excavations along the route of the Jezreel Valley road are revealing, layer by layer, the wealth of history hidden and embedded in the soil here. The exposure of ancient wine-making facilities, and the evidence of folk worship outside of Megiddo, allow us to become acquainted with the daily life and beliefs of the region’s residents over the course of thousands of years. I invite the public to come to our Northern Region conference, which will be held on Thursday this week and is open to everyone, to hear more about the rare discoveries in Megiddo, and throughout the North of our country.

Original Article – The earliest winepress and evidence of Canaanite folk worship: Extraordinary archaeological discoveries uncovered near Tel Megiddo in Israel’s North